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28 de março - Dia do Revisor

“A tarefa do revisor é das mais ingratas. O erro ou a falha se escondem durante o processo de confecção do livro para, depois de tudo pronto, aparecer na primeira página aberta, como um saci danado, pulando, debochando do revisor. O mérito da frase perfeita é do autor. O crime do erro cometido será do revisor. Este, porém, não se considera um injustiçado. O revisor vitimista abandonou a profissão no primeiro dia. O verdadeiro revisor, como o goleiro no futebol, sabe que nasceu para ficar ali, na pior posição de todas, para agarrar centenas de bolas difíceis e, talvez deixar passar a mais fácil de todas.” (Monteiro Lobato)

Enable, allow ou let? Quando usar o quê?

Os verbos to allow ou to enable estão envolvidos em um dos erros mais comuns na comunicação comercial. Porém estas duas palavras têm significados diferentes.

To allow significa permitir, consentir.

Por exemplo:

We allow smoking only in restricted areas.

My parents allow me to stay up late at the weekend.
Your boss allows you to leave the office early.

Já enable significa possibilitar ou facilitar algo.

Por exemplo:

A scholarship enabled her to attend college.

A mobile phone enables you to talk on the move.

Agora veja um exemplo ruim:

The tools allowed the burglars to enter the building.

Neste caso, as ferramentas não deram permissão aos ladrões para entrar no edifício. Elas possibilitaram que eles entrassem; facilitaram sua entrada. Portanto, o correto aqui seria:

The tools enabled the burglars to enter the building.

Se for difícil demais escolher a palavra correta, existe uma forma de você driblar a situação. Use o verbo to let, que é um sinônimo tanto de allow como de enable. Ele significa permitir e facilitar.

Vírgulas: seus problemas acabaram!

Pode parecer simples, mas não é. As regras para colocação de vírgula são complexas e extensas, e muitos tropeçam nelas. Uma vírgula mal colocada, ou sua ausência, pode comprometer a clareza de um texto, deixando-o confuso, sem coerência. Muitas vezes o sentido fica completamente alterado. Veja um exemplo:

 Não tenha clemência!

Não, tenha clemência!

Impera, ainda, aquela ideia de que se devem colocar as vírgulas conforme as pausas de respiração. Nada mais equivocado. A virgulação depende da estrutura sintática de uma oração.

Para ajudá-lo a resolver de maneira bem prática a colocação das vírgulas, elaboramos uma tabela com os principais casos. Veja aqui: TABELA DE VIRGULAÇÃO.

Antes, porém, aproveite e assista a esse pequeno vídeo sobre a vírgula que foi criado em comemoração ao centenário da Associação Brasileira de Imprensa. 

Expressões idiomáticas

Todas as línguas possuem algumas armadilhas para os que as usam como segundo idioma. Uma dessas armadilhas são as expressões idiomáticas (idioms / expresiones idiomáticas), que são figuras de linguagem nas quais um termo ou frase tem um sentido distinto do que as palavras teriam isoladamente. Assim, não basta saber o significado das palavras que formam a frase, é preciso olhar para o conjunto para entender seu significado. Portanto, traduções literais não cabem aqui. 

É impossível decorar uma relação de expressões idiomáticas, até porque, a língua é dinâmica e elas continuam a ser produzidas. Então é ter um “olhar atento” ao texto e pesquisar as possibilidades. Aqui na Terra Firme você encontra duas listas de expressões idiomáticas: uma do inglês com tradução para o português e outra do espanhol para o português.

Clique abaixo. 

TABELA DE EXPRESSÕES IDIOMÁTICAS INGLÊS / PORTUGUÊS

TABELA DE EXPRESSÕES IDIOMÁTICAS ESPANHOL/ PORTUGUÊS

Respostas das postagens diárias do Facebook:

Kick the bucket significa "bater as botas".
Cross my heart significa "eu juro". 
Pretty soon significa "em breve". 
To grease the rails significa "facilitar as coisas".

Abreviaturas usadas para referenciar obras

Determinar as obras que foram utilizadas como fonte em trechos de um trabalho acadêmico não é tarefa simples, mas fundamental para pesquisadores que futuramente usarão seu trabalho como fonte para outras pesquisas. Portanto, siga as normas e use estas dicas.

Para indicar fontes citadas no texto há diversos sistemas: numérico e autor-data (em notas de rodapé ou em seção no final do capítulo ou do texto). As abreviaturas constantes desta lista (exceto "Apud") só devem ser usadas no sistema autor data em nota de rodapé.

Quer as explicações completas? Consulte a ABNT neste link.

Uso de abreviaturas nas citações no texto (ABNT NBR 10520)
Termo	Abrev.	Significado	Quando e como usar	Exemplo
Idem	Id.	A obra é do mesmo autor mencionado na chamada imediatamente anterior.	Requer que seja colocado em seguida o ano de publicação da obra e, em caso de citação literal, o número da página.	ASSOCIAÇÃO BRASILEIRA DE NORMAS TÉCNICAS, 1989, p. 9 Id., 2000, p. 19.
Ibidem	Ibid.	A citação encontra-se na mesma obra na chamada imediatamente anterior.	Requer que seja colocado em seguida, em  caso de citação literal, o número da página. Obviamente, o autor é o mesmo, dispensando o uso do “Id.”	DURKHEIM, 1925, p. 176 Ibid., p. 190.
Passim	passim	Aqui e ali, em diversas passagens.	Quando a citação é entrecortada, separada por [...] juntando diversas passagens em páginas diversas.	RIBEIRO, 1997, passim
Loco citato	loc. cit.	No lugar citado.	Na mesma obra e na mesma página da citação imediatamente anterior do mesmo autor Requer sempre o nome do autor ou pode-se utilizar em conjunto com o “Id.”	TOMASELLI; PORTER, 1992, p. 33-46 TOMASELLI; PORTER, loc. cit. ou Id., loc cit.
Confira, confronte, conforme	Cf.	Confira, confronte, conforme.	Quando a obra do autor não é citada diretamente, mas a ideia é mencionada.	Cf. CALDEIRA, 1992
Apud	apud	Citado por, conforme, segundo.	Quando a citação foi transcrita da obra de um segundo autor.	EVANS, 1987 apud SAGE, 1992, p. 2-3
Opus citatum, opere citato	op. cit.	Obra citada	Substitui título de obra já citada, mas não em sequência.	ADORNO, 1996, p. 38 GARLAND, 1990, p. 42-43 ADORNO, op. cit., p. 40

 

Phrasal Verbs

Phrasal verb (ou verbo preposicionado) é uma composição formada por um verbo + advérbio ou um verbo + preposição. Seu sentido é distinto do verbo isolado. Por exemplo: o verbo to find significa encontrar. Já to find out  significa descobrir. Quer dizer, um simples advérbio ou preposição tem o poder de alterar completamente uma frase. Grandes erros de tradução são cometidos por traduzirem um phrasal verb ao pé da letra.

A seguir, uma extensa tabela de phrasal verbs, com seu significado e exemplo.

                 

Verbo	Significado	Exemplo
ask someone out	Convidar para sair	Brian asked Judy out to dinner and a movie.
ask around	Fazer a mesma pergunta a muitas pessoas	I asked around but nobody has seen my wallet.
add up to something	Totalizar	Your purchases add up to $205.32.
back something up	Dar marcha a ré	You'll have to back up your car so that I can get out.
back someone up	Apoiar	My wife backed me up over my decision to quit my job.
blow up	Explodir	The racing car blew up after it crashed into the fence.
blow something up	Encher de ar	We have to blow 50 balloons up for the party.
break down	Parar de funcionar (veículo, máquina)	Our car broke down at the side of the highway in the snowstorm.
break down	Ficar perturbado	The woman broke down when the police told her that her son had died.
break something down	Dividir em partes menores	Our teacher broke the final project down into three separate parts.
break in	Forçar a entrada em um edifício	Somebody broke in last night and stole our stereo.
break into something	Entrar à força	The firemen had to break into the room to rescue the children.
break something in	Usar alguma coisa algumas vezes de modo que não pareça novo	I need to break these shoes in before we run next week.
break in	Interromper	The TV station broke in to report the news of the president's death.
break up	Terminar um relacionamento	My boyfriend and I broke up before I moved to America.
break up	Começar a rir (informal)	The kids just broke up as soon as the clown started talking.
break out	Escapar	The prisoners broke out of jail when the guards weren't looking.
break out in something	Desenvolver um problema de pele	I broke out in a rash after our camping trip.
bring someone down	Tornar alguém infeliz	This sad music is bringing me down.
bring someone up	Criar alguém (uma criança)	My grandparents brought me up after my parents died.
bring something up	Levantar um assunto	My mother walks out of the room when my father brings up sports.
bring something up	Vomitar	He drank so much that he brought his dinner up in the toilet.
call around	Telefonar para muitos lugares ou pessoas diferentes	We called around but we weren't able to find the car part we needed.
call someone back	Retornar um telefonema	I called the company back but the offices were closed for the weekend.
call something off	Cancelar	Jason called the wedding off because he wasn't in love with his fiancé.
call on someone	Pedir uma resposta ou opinião	The professor called on me for question 1.
call on someone	Visitar alguém	We called on you last night but you weren't home.
call someone up	Telefonar	Give me your phone number and I will call you up when we are in town.
calm down	Acalmar-se	You are still mad. You need to calm down before you drive the car.
catch up	Alcançar alguém	You'll have to run faster than that if you want to catch up with Marty.
check in	Registrar-se em um hotel ou aeroporto	We will get the hotel keys when we check in.
check out	Deixar um hotel	You have to check out of the hotel before 11:00 AM.
check someone/something out	Observar cuidadosamente, investigar	The company checks out all new employees.
check out someone/something	Olhar para (informal)	Check out the crazy hair on that guy!
cheer up	Alegrar-se	She cheered up when she heard the good news.
cheer someone up	Alegrar alguém	I brought you some flowers to cheer you up.
chip in	Ajudar	If everyone chips in we can get the kitchen painted by noon.
clean something up	Arrumar algo	Please clean up your bedroom before you go outside.
come across something	Descobrir algo inesperadamente	I came across these old photos when I was tidying the closet.
come apart	Separar	The top and bottom come apart if you pull hard enough.
come down with something	Adoecer	My nephew came down with chicken pox this weekend.
come forward	Voluntariar-se para uma tareva ou dar prova	The woman came forward with her husband's finger prints.
come from somewhere	Originar-se em	The art of origami comes from Asia.
count on someone/something	Contar com	I am counting on you to make dinner while I am out.
cross something out	Riscar algo	Please cross out your old address and write your new one.
cut back on something	Consumir menos	My doctor wants me to cut back on sweets and fatty foods.
cut something down	Cortar/derrubar (uma árvore, p. ex.)	We had to cut the old tree in our yard down after the storm.
cut in	interromper	Your father cut in while I was dancing with your uncle.
cut in	Cortar (um carro no trânsito)	The bus driver got angry when that car cut in.
cut in	Começar a funcionar (uma máquina ou aparelho elétrico)	The air conditioner cuts in when the temperature gets to 22°C.
cut something off	Remover com algo afiado	The doctors cut off his leg because it was severely injured.
cut something off	Cortar um serviço	The phone company cut off our phone because we didn't pay the bill.
cut someone off	Tirar de um testamento	My grandparents cut my father off when he remarried.
cut something out	Remover parte de algo (geralmente com tesoura e papel)	I cut this ad out of the newspaper.
do something over	Refazer algo (Inglês americano)	My teacher wants me to do my essay over because she doesn't like my topic.
do away with something	Descartar	It's time to do away with all of these old tax records.
do something up	Abotoar/fechar	Do your coat up before you go outside. It's snowing!
dress up	Usar boa roupa	It's a fancy restaurant so we have to dress up.
drop in/by/over	Come without an appointment	I might drop in/by/over for tea sometime this week.
drop someone/something off	Levar alguém/algo a algum lugar e deixá-lo lá	I have to drop my sister off at work before I come over.
drop out	Desistir de um curso ou escola	I dropped out of Science because it was too difficult.
eat out	Comer em um restaurante	I don't feel like cooking tonight. Let's eat out.
end up	finalmente alcançar, fazer, decidir	We ended up renting a movie instead of going to the theatre.
fall down	Cair no chão	The picture that you hung up last night fell down this morning.
fall out	Cair de dentro de algo	The money must have fallen out of my pocket.
figure something out	Compreender, encontrar a resposta	I need to figure out how to fit the piano and the bookshelf in this room.
fill something in	Preencher espaços com informações (em um formulário) (Inglês britânico)	Please fill in the form with your name, address, and phone number.
fill something out	Preencher espaços com informações (em um formulário) (Inglês americano)	The form must be filled out in capital letters.
fill something up	Encher algo	I always fill the water jug up when it is empty.
find out	Descobrir	We don't know where he lives. How can we find out?
find something out	Descobrir algo	We tried to keep the time of the party a secret, but Samantha found it out.
get something across/over	Comunicar, tornar compreensível	I tried to get my point across/over to the judge but she wouldn't listen.
get along/on	Dar-se bem	I was surprised how well my new girlfriend and my sister got along/on.
get around	Ter mobilidade	My grandfather can get around fine in his new wheelchair.
get away	Sair em férias	We worked so hard this year that we had to get away for a week.
get away with something	Fazer algo sem ser percebido ou punido	Jason always gets away with cheating in his maths tests.
get back	Retornar	We got back from our vacation last week.
get something back	Receber algo que você já tinha antes	Liz finally got her Science notes back from my room-mate.
get back at someone	Retaliar, vingar-se	My sister got back at me for stealing her shoes. She stole my favourite hat.
get back into something	Voltar a interessar-se por algo	I finally got back into my novel and finished it.
get on something	Entrar num veículo	We're going to freeze out here if you don't let us get on the bus.
get over something	Recuperar-se de uma doença, perda, dificuldade	I just got over the flu and now my sister has it.
get over something	Superar/resolver um problema	The company will have to close if it can't get over the new regulations.
get round to something	Finalmente encontrar tempo para fazer algo	I don't know when I am going to get round to writing the thank you cards.
get together	Encontrar (geralmente por razões sociais)	Let's get together for a BBQ this weekend.
get up	Levantar-se (da cama)	I got up early today to study for my exam.
get up	Levantar-se	You should get up and give the elderly man your seat.
give someone away	Revelar informações oculta sobre alguém	His wife gave him away to the police.
give someone away	Levar a noiva ao altar	My father gave me away at my wedding.
give something away	Estragar um segredo	My little sister gave the surprise party away by accident.
give something away	Dar algo a alguém de graça	The library was giving away old books on Friday.
give something back	Devolver algo que se tomou emprestado	I have to give these skates back to Franz before his hockey game.
give in	Abandonar relutantemente uma briga ou discussão	My boyfriend didn't want to go to the ballet, but he finally gave in.
give something out	dar a muitas pessoas (geralmente sem custo)	They were giving out free perfume samples at the department store.
give something up	Abandonar um hábito	I am giving up smoking as of January 1st.
give up	Parar de tentar	My maths homework was too difficult so I gave up.
go after someone	Seguir alguém	My brother tried to go after the thief in his car.
go after something	Tentar alcançar algo	I went after my dream and now I am a published writer.
go against someone	Competir, opor-se a	We are going against the best soccer team in the city tonight.
go ahead	Vá em frente	Please go ahead and eat before the food gets cold.
go back	Retornar a um lugar	I have to go back home and get my lunch.
go out	Sair de casa para um evento social	We're going out for dinner tonight.
go over something	Rever	Please go over your answers before you submit your test.
go over	Visitar alguém	I haven't seen Tina for a long time. I think I'll go over for an hour or two.
go without something	Sofrer privação	When I was young, we went without winter boots.
grow apart	Perder a amizade com o tempo	My best friend and I grew apart after she changed schools.
grow back	Crescer novamente	My roses grew back this summer.
grow up	Tornar-se adulto	When Jack grows up he wants to be a fireman.
grow out of something	Ficar grande demais para algo	Elizabeth needs a new pair of shoes because she has grown out of her old ones.
grow into something	Crescer o suficiente para poder usar algo	This bike is too big for him now, but he should grow into it by next year.
hand something down	Dar algo usado a alguém	I handed my old comic books down to my little cousin.
hand something in	Entregar algo	I have to hand in my essay by Friday.
hand something out	Distribuir a um grupo de pessoas	We will hand out the invitations at the door.
hand something over	Dar algo (geralmente de má vontade)	The police asked the man to hand over his wallet and his weapons.
hang in	Ser positive em relação a algo (Inglês americano, informal)	Hang in there. I'm sure you'll find a job very soon.
hang on	Esperar um pouquinho (informal)	Hang on while I grab my coat and shoes!
hang up	Desligar o telefone	He didn't say goodbye before he hung up.
hold someone/something back	Impedir alguém de fazer algo ou ir a algum lugar	I had to hold my dog back because there was a cat in the park.
hold something back	Esconder uma emoção	Jamie held back his tears at his grandfather's funeral.
hold on	Aguardar	Please hold on while I transfer you to the Sales Department.
hold onto someone/something	Segurar firmemente com as duas mãos ou braços	Hold onto your hat because it's very windy outside.
hold someone/somethingup	Assaltar	A man in a black mask held the bank up this morning.
keep on doing something	Continuar a fazer	Keep on stirring until the liquid comes to a boil.
keep something from someone	Não contar	We kept our relationship from our parents for two years.
keep someone/something out	Impedir de entrar	Try to keep the wet dog out of the living room.
keep something up	Continuar no mesmo ritmo	If you keep those results up you will get into a great college.
let someone down	Desapontar alguém	I need you to be on time. Don't let me down this time.
let someone in	Deixar alguém entrar	Can you let the cat in before you go to school?
log in (or on)	Entrar (em um site ou banco de dados, tec.)	I can't log in to Facebook because I've forgotten my password.
log out (or off)	sair (de um site, banco de dados, etc.)	If you don't log off somebody could get into your account.
look after someone/something	Cuidar de	I have to look after my sick grandmother.
look down on someone	Considerer alguém inferior	Ever since we stole that chocolate bar your dad has looked down on me.
look for someone/something	Tentar encontrar	I'm looking for a red dress for the wedding.
look forward to something	Aguardar algo ansiosamente	I'm looking forward to the Christmas break.
look into something	Investigar	We are going to look into the price of snowboards today.
look out	Ter cuidado	Look out! That car's going to hit you!
look out for someone/something	Ficar especialmente atento a	Don't forget to look out for snakes on the hiking trail.
look something over	Checar, examinar	Can you look over my essay for spelling mistakes?
look something up	Procurar e encontrar informação em um livro de referência ou banco de dados	We can look her phone number up on the Internet.
look up to someone	Ter muito respeito por alguém	My little sister has always looked up to me.
make something up	Inventar, mentir sobre algo	Josie made up a story about why we were late.
make up	Fazer as pazes	We were angry last night, but we made up at breakfast.
make someone up	Maquiar	My sisters made me up for my graduation party.
mix something up	Confundir duas ou mais coisas	I mixed up the twins' names again!
pass away	Morrer	His uncle passed away last night after a long illness.
pass out	Desmaiar	It was so hot in the church that an elderly lady passed out.
pass something out	Entregar a mesma coisa a muitas pessoas	The professor passed the textbooks out before class.
pass something up	declinar (em geral algo bom)	I passed up the job because I am afraid of change.
pay someone back	Devolver dinheiro emprestado	Thanks for buying my ticket. I'll pay you back on Friday.
pay for something	Ser punidor por fazer algo ruim	That bully will pay for being mean to my little brother.
pick something out	Escolher	I picked out three sweaters for you to try on.
point someone/something out	Apontar	I'll point my boyfriend out when he runs by.
put someone down	Insultar, fazer alguém se sentir burro	The students put the substitute teacher down because his pants were too short.
put something off	Postergar	We are putting off our trip until January because of the hurricane.
put something out	Extinguir, apagar	The neighbours put the fire out before the firemen arrived.
put something together	Montar	I have to put the crib together before the baby arrives.
put up with someone/something	Tolerar	I don't think I can put up with three small children in the car.
put something on	Vestir algo (roupas ou acessórios)	Don't forget to put on your new earrings for the party.
run into someone/something	Encontrar inesperadamente	I ran into an old school-friend at the mall.
run over someone/something	Atropelar alguém ou algo	I accidentally ran over your bicycle in the driveway.
run over/through something	Ensaiar, rever	Let's run over/through these lines one more time before the show.
run away	Fugir, escapar	The child ran away from home and has been missing for three days.
run out	Ficar sem algo (porque acabou)	We ran out of shampoo so I had to wash my hair with soap.
send something back	Devolver (geralmente por correio)	My letter got sent back to me because I used the wrong stamp.
set something up	Marcar, organizar	Our boss set a meeting up with the president of the company.
shop around	Comparar preços	I want to shop around a little before I decide on these boots.
show off	Exibir-se	He always shows off on his skateboard
sleep over	Passer a noite em algum lugar (informal)	You should sleep over tonight if the weather is too bad to drive home.
sort something out	Organizar, solucionar um problema	We need to sort the bills out before the first of the month.
stick to something	Continuar a fazer algo, insister em fazer algo	You will lose weight if you stick to the diet.
switch something off	Desligar algo	The light's too bright. Could you switch it off.
switch something on	Ligar algo	We heard the news as soon as we switched on the car radio.
take after someone	Puxar a alguém (as características)	I take after my mother. We are both impatient.
take something apart	Desmontar algo	He took the car brakes apart and found the problem.
take something back	Devolver um objeto	I have to take our new TV back because it doesn't work.
take off	Decolar	My plane takes off in five minutes.
take something off	Tirar algo (geralmente uma roupa)	Take off your socks and shoes and come in the lake!
take someone out	Levar alguém para sair (pagando a conta)	My grandparents took us out for dinner and a movie.
tear something up	Rasgar em pedaços	I tore up my ex-boyfriend's letters and gave them back to him.
think something over	Refletir a respeito de algo	I'll have to think this job offer over before I make my final decision.
throw something away	Jogar algo fora	We threw our old furniture away when we won the lottery.
turn something down	Baixar o volume	Please turn the TV down while the guests are here.
turn something down	Recusar	I turned the job down because I don't want to move.
turn something off	Desligar algo	Your mother wants you to turn the TV off and come for dinner.
turn something on	Ligar algo	It's too dark in here. Let's turn some lights on.
turn something up	Aumentar o volume	Can you turn the music up? This is my favourite song.
turn up	Aparecer de repente	Our cat turned up after we put posters up all over the neighbourhood.
try something on	Experimentar uma roupa	I'm going to try these jeans on, but I don't think they will fit.
try something out	Experimentar, testar	I am going to try this new brand of detergent out.
use something up	Usar até acabar	The kids used all of the toothpaste up so we need to buy some more.
wake up	Acordar	We have to wake up early for work on Monday.
warm someone/something up	Aquecer	You can warm your feet up in front of the fireplace.
warm up	Aquecer o corpo antes de se exercitar	I always warm up by doing sit-ups before I go for a run.
work out	Malhar, fazer exercícios	I work out at the gym three times a week.
work out	Ter êxito, dar certo	Our plan worked out fine.
work something out	Calcular	We have to work out the total cost before we buy the house.

Fonte: adaptado de http://www.englishclub.com/vocabulary/phrasal-verbs-list.htm